在理想的情况下，在你的修改版本历史中的任一修改都应该是简洁明了并且稳定的。不应该出现那种断点式的提交，也不应该有那种包含了上万行代码修改的提交。一个清晰明了的提交历史，将会使得我们想回滚某些改动或者通过cherry-pick命令在不同的分支中应用提交变得十分简单和轻松。另外一个清晰明了的提交历史，也非常便于后续的查看和分析。然而维护一个清晰明了的提交历史就意味着你需要在确认某个修改已经彻底 OK 了之后再确认合并。
如果你随便挑一个 Git 仓库去查看它的提交日志，你可能会发现这些日志通常或多或少都是混乱的。我们可以来看看早些年间我在 Spring 项目中的提交记录:
$ git log --oneline -5 --author cbeams --before "Fri Mar 26 2009"
e5f4b49 Re-adding ConfigurationPostProcessorTests after its brief removal in r814. @Ignore-ing the testCglibClassesAreLoadedJustInTimeForEnhancement() method as it turns out this was one of the culprits in the recent build breakage. The classloader hacking causes subtle downstream effects, breaking unrelated tests. The test method is still useful, but should only be run on a manual basis to ensure CGLIB is not prematurely classloaded, and should not be run as part of the automated build.
2db0f12 fixed two build-breaking issues: + reverted ClassMetadataReadingVisitor to revision 794 + eliminated ConfigurationPostProcessorTests until further investigation determines why it causes downstream tests to fail (such as the seemingly unrelated ClassPathXmlApplicationContextTests)
147709f Tweaks to package-info.java files
22b25e0 Consolidated Util and MutableAnnotationUtils classes into existing AsmUtils
7f96f57 polishing
嗯哼，我们再来跟这个仓库中近期的一些提交记录做个对比：
$ git log --oneline -5 --author pwebb --before "Sat Aug 30 2014"
5ba3db6 Fix failing CompositePropertySourceTests
84564a0 Rework @PropertySource early parsing logic
e142fd1 Add tests for ImportSelector meta-data
887815f Update docbook dependency and generate epub
ac8326d Polish mockito usage
Summarize changes in around 50 characters or less
More detailed explanatory text, if necessary. Wrap it to about 72
characters or so. In some contexts, the first line is treated as the
subject of the commit and the rest of the text as the body. The
blank line separating the summary from the body is critical (unless
you omit the body entirely); various tools like `log`, `shortlog`
and `rebase` can get confused if you run the two together.
Explain the problem that this commit is solving. Focus on why you
are making this change as opposed to how (the code explains that).
Are there side effects or other unintuitive consequences of this
change? Here's the place to explain them.
Further paragraphs come after blank lines.
- Bullet points are okay, too
- Typically a hyphen or asterisk is used for the bullet, preceded
by a single space, with blank lines in between, but conventions
vary here
If you use an issue tracker, put references to them at the bottom,
like this:
Resolves: #123
See also: #456, #789
1. 使用空行将提交记录的标题和正文分开
从 git commit 命令的手册中我们可以看到：
Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git. For example, Git-format-patch(1) turns a commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body.
$ git commit -m "Fix typo in introduction to user guide"
不过当一个提交需要解释一下修改的上下文时，你就需要编写提交记录的正文了。例如：
Derezz the master control program
MCP turned out to be evil and had become intent on world domination.
This commit throws Tron's disc into MCP (causing its deresolution)
and turns it back into a chess game.
$ git log
commit 42e769bdf4894310333942ffc5a15151222a87be
Author: Kevin Flynn <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 1982 -0200
Derezz the master control program
MCP turned out to be evil and had become intent on world domination.
This commit throws Tron's disc into MCP (causing its deresolution)
and turns it back into a chess game.
$ git shortlog
Kevin Flynn (1):
Derezz the master control program
Alan Bradley (1):
Introduce security program "Tron"
Ed Dillinger (3):
Rename chess program to "MCP"
Modify chess program
Upgrade chess program
Walter Gibbs (1):
Introduce protoype chess program
commit eb0b56b19017ab5c16c745e6da39c53126924ed6
Author: Pieter Wuille <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Aug 1 22:57:55 2014 +0200
Simplify serialize.h's exception handling
Remove the 'state' and 'exceptmask' from serialize.h's stream
implementations, as well as related methods.
As exceptmask always included 'failbit', and setstate was always
called with bits = failbit, all it did was immediately raise an
exception. Get rid of those variables, and replace the setstate
with direct exception throwing (which also removes some dead
code).
As a result, good() is never reached after a failure (there are
only 2 calls, one of which is in tests), and can just be replaced
by !eof().
fail(), clear(n) and exceptions() are just never called. Delete
them.
